--- title: "Changelog" author: "Mohammad Abu Mattar" canonical: https://mkabumattar.com/changelog --- Changelog # What's new Every post and update across the site, newest first. 256 entries and counting. ## July 2026 - Jul 20Blog [Testing Terraform: Static Analysis, Native Tests, and Terratest](/blog/post/terraform-testing-terratest-native-tests) A practical testing strategy for Terraform modules: the testing pyramid, tflint static analysis, native terraform test with provider mocking, Terratest integration tests in Go, safe teardown, and a GitHub Actions pipeline with OIDC. - Jul 20Code Snippet [Bash Retry Function: Automatically Retry Failing Commands with Exponential Backoff](/codesnippets/post/bash-retry-function-exponential-backoff) A reusable Bash function that retries any failing command with configurable attempts and exponential backoff. Ideal for wrapping flaky network calls, AWS CLI commands, or deployment scripts in CI/CD pipelines. - Jul 20Blog [tRPC: End-to-End Type-Safe APIs in TypeScript Without Codegen](/blog/post/trpc-end-to-end-typesafe-apis) How tRPC gives full-stack TypeScript teams end-to-end type safety with no code generation: routers, Zod validation, React Query, auth middleware, the v11 features (FormData, SSE, streaming), and when to pick it over REST or GraphQL. - Jul 20Case StudyUpdated [Migrating a Monolith to Kubernetes Without a Big-Bang Cutover](/case-studies/post/monolith-to-kubernetes-strangler-migration) Using the strangler-fig pattern to move a large monolith onto EKS service by service, with a routing facade, gradual traffic shifting, and a rollback at every step. - Jul 19Case Study [Cutting a SaaS AWS Bill 41% Without Slowing Delivery](/case-studies/post/aws-cost-optimization-saas-case-study) A FinOps case study on a SaaS running on EKS with full GitOps and progressive delivery: how tagging, right-sizing node groups, and Savings Plans matched to the roadmap cut the AWS bill without freezing feature work. - Jul 15Case Study [QuenchWorks: Building a 0-CVE Container Image and Helm Chart Catalog](/case-studies/post/quenchworks-zero-cve-catalog) How a from-scratch catalog replaced Bitnami with 150+ container images and 120+ Helm charts built from source on Wolfi, gated to zero fixable CVEs, signed, and pinned by digest. - Jul 14Blog [FinOps in Practice: How to Build a Cloud Cost Accountability Culture on AWS](/blog/post/finops-cloud-cost-accountability-aws) How to run FinOps as a real practice on AWS: a lean tagging taxonomy enforced with Terraform and Organizations, automated budgets and anomaly detection, showback vs chargeback, and matching Savings Plans to your architecture roadmap. - Jul 8Blog [QuenchWorks: A Zero-CVE, Built-From-Source Replacement for the Bitnami Catalog](/blog/post/quenchworks-zero-cve-bitnami-alternative-wolfi) When Broadcom moved the free Bitnami catalog to a legacy tier, thousands of teams lost their supply of maintained, hardened container images overnight. QuenchWorks is my answer: over 150 container images and 120 Helm charts, rebuilt from source on Wolfi, scanned to zero fixable CVEs, cosign-signed, and pinned by digest. Here is why I built it and how it actually works. ## June 2026 - Jun 8BlogUpdated [Dotfiles: A Git-Based Strategy for Configuration Management](/blog/post/dotfiles) Discover the ultimate strategy for managing your dotfiles using a bare Git repository, simplifying the process of keeping your configuration files synchronized and secure across multiple machines. - Jun 8BlogUpdated [Setting up Node JS, Express, MongoDB, Prettier, ESLint and Husky Application with Babel and authentication as an example](/blog/post/setting-up-node-js-express-mongodb-prettier-eslint-and-husky-application-with-babel-and-authentication-as-an-example) Setting up Node JS, Express, MongoDB, Prettier, ESLint and Husky Application with Babel and authentication as an example. - Jun 7BlogUpdated [Git SSH Keys for GitHub, GitLab, and Bitbucket on Linux](/blog/post/git-ssh-keys-for-github-gitlab-and-bitbucket-on-linux) Git connects to remotes by default via HTTPS, which requires you to enter your login and password every time you run a command like Git pull or git push, using the SSH protocol. You may connect to servers and authenticate to access their services. The three services listed allow Git to connect through SSH rather than HTTPS. Using public-key encryption eliminates the need to type a login and password for each Git command. - Jun 7BlogUpdated [Git SSH Keys for GitHub, GitLab, and Bitbucket on Windows](/blog/post/git-ssh-keys-for-github-gitlab-and-bitbucket-on-windows) Git connects to remotes by default via HTTPS, which requires you to enter your login and password every time you run a command like Git pull or git push, using the SSH protocol. You may connect to servers and authenticate to access their services. The three services listed allow Git to connect through SSH rather than HTTPS. Using public-key encryption eliminates the need to type a login and password for each Git command. ## May 2026 - May 30BlogUpdated [AI is Not Real: A Software Engineering Perspective](/blog/post/ai-is-not-real) Modern AI is not intelligent in the human sense. It is large-scale statistical pattern matching and mathematical optimization. Here is what that means for the systems we build, why probabilistic chains fail, and how hybrid architectures make them reliable. - May 28DevTip [Kubernetes Namespaces: Organize, Isolate, and Secure Multi-Team Clusters](/devtips/post/kubernetes-namespaces-organize-isolate-multi-team) Sharing one Kubernetes cluster across teams without the chaos. This dev tip walks through layered namespace isolation: ResourceQuotas, LimitRanges, default-deny NetworkPolicies, and namespace-scoped RBAC, with copy-paste manifests and a Terraform example. - May 28Flashcards [AWS SysOps Administrator Associate Flashcards (SOA-C02)](/flashcards/post/aws-sysops-administrator-associate-flashcards) Full exam coverage for the AWS Certified SysOps Administrator Associate (SOA-C02) exam using spaced repetition. Covers monitoring, reliability, deployment, security, networking, and cost optimization. - May 28Glossary [Networking Fundamentals](/glossary/post/networking-fundamentals) Core networking terms every developer and engineer should know, from IP addressing and DNS to protocols, routing, and the OSI model. - May 28Quiz [Rust: Ownership, Borrowing & Memory Safety](/quizzes/post/rust-fundamentals-quiz) Test your knowledge of Rust fundamentals covering ownership, borrowing, lifetimes, traits, pattern matching, error handling, and memory-safe systems programming without a garbage collector. - May 28Roadmap [Frontend Developer Beginner to Expert](/roadmaps/post/frontend-developer-roadmap) A comprehensive roadmap to master frontend development from HTML, CSS, and JavaScript fundamentals to modern frameworks, state management, performance, and accessibility. - May 27Code Snippet [Node.js Environment Variable Validation with Zod at Startup](/codesnippets/post/nodejs-env-validation-zod-startup) Stop trusting process.env blindly. This Node.js and TypeScript snippet validates every environment variable at startup with a Zod schema, coerces strings into real types, and refuses to boot on bad config so you catch mistakes before a single request is served. - May 27Blog [GitHub Actions Reusable Workflows: Build a Shared CI Library Across All Your Repos](/blog/post/github-actions-reusable-workflows-shared-ci-library) Learn how to simplify and secure your CI/CD at scale using GitHub Actions reusable workflows. This practical guide walks you through the differences between reusable workflows and composite actions, OIDC keyless authentication, and versioning strategies. You will also learn advanced testing methods, like "Patch-on-Test," to build a secure, fast, and centralized pipeline library your developers will love. - May 27Cheatsheet [kubectl](/cheatsheets/kubectl) kubectl is the command-line tool for talking to a Kubernetes cluster. Use it to deploy apps, inspect and manage resources, stream logs, and debug running pods. ## April 2026 - Apr 27Flashcards [LPIC-2 Linux Engineer Flashcards](/flashcards/post/lpic-2-linux-engineer-flashcards) Full exam coverage for the LPIC-2 Linux Engineer certification (Exam 201 & 202) using spaced repetition. Covers kernel, boot, storage, networking, security, DNS, web, email, and more. - Apr 26Flashcards [AWS Certified Developer Associate Flashcards (DVA-C02)](/flashcards/post/aws-certified-developer-associate-flashcards) Full exam coverage for the AWS Certified Developer – Associate (DVA-C02) exam using spaced repetition. Covers Development, Security, Deployment, Troubleshooting, and AWS SDK/CLI/APIs. - Apr 25Roadmap [Release Engineer Beginner to Expert](/roadmaps/post/release-engineer-roadmap) A comprehensive roadmap to master Release Engineering from version control and CI/CD fundamentals to advanced cloud automation, Infrastructure as Code, and GitOps delivery on AWS. - Apr 22Flashcards [Red Hat System Administration I Flashcards (RH124)](/flashcards/post/redhat-system-administration-rh124-flashcards) Full course coverage for Red Hat System Administration I (RH124-9.0) using spaced repetition. Covers CLI, files, users, processes, networking, storage, DNF, systemd, logging, and shell scripting. - Apr 21Roadmap [Site Reliability Engineer Beginner to Expert](/roadmaps/post/site-reliability-engineer-roadmap) A comprehensive roadmap to master Site Reliability Engineering from Linux and networking fundamentals to advanced SLOs, observability, incident management, and automation on AWS. - Apr 20Flashcards [AWS Solutions Architect Associate Flashcards (SAA-C03)](/flashcards/post/aws-solutions-architect-associate-flashcards) Full exam coverage for the AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Associate (SAA-C03) exam. Covers all four domains Resilient, High-Performing, Secure, and Cost-Optimized Architectures. - Apr 19Roadmap [Solutions Architect Beginner to Expert](/roadmaps/post/solutions-architect-roadmap) A comprehensive roadmap to master Solutions Architecture from cloud fundamentals to advanced AWS design patterns, security, compliance, and scalable distributed systems. - Apr 18Glossary [Linux Server Administration](/glossary/post/linux-server-administration) Essential terms every Linux system administrator and DevOps engineer should know. - Apr 15Flashcards [AWS Cloud Practitioner Flashcards (CLF-C02)](/flashcards/post/aws-cloud-practitioner-flashcards) Full exam coverage for the AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner (CLF-C02) exam using spaced repetition. Covers Cloud Concepts, Security, Technology, and Billing. - Apr 14Code Snippet [AWS EC2 Instance Management with Boto3: Start, Stop, and Query Instances](/codesnippets/post/aws-ec2-instance-management-boto3-python) Learn how to automate AWS EC2 instance management using Python and Boto3. This guide covers authentication with IAM roles, starting and stopping instances, using waiters, filtering by tags, running bulk operations, and handling API errors. Practical code examples included for DevOps engineers and cloud developers - Apr 13Blog [Kubernetes Networking Demystified: CNI Plugins, Network Policies, and Pod-to-Pod Communication](/blog/post/kubernetes-networking-cni-plugins-policies-guide) A friendly, technical guide to Kubernetes networking. We cover how CNI plugins like Calico and Cilium work, how to write Network Policies, and how to debug those annoying connectivity issues. - Apr 12Roadmap [DevOps Engineer Beginner to Expert](/roadmaps/post/devops-engineer-roadmap) A comprehensive roadmap to master DevOps engineering from Linux fundamentals to advanced cloud-native and platform engineering concepts. - Apr 11Glossary [Containers & Kubernetes](/glossary/post/containers-and-kubernetes) Essential terms every DevOps engineer should know about containers and Kubernetes. - Apr 8Flashcards [AWS Beginner Flashcards](/flashcards/post/aws-beginner-flashcards) Core AWS concepts across Compute, Storage, Networking, Databases, IAM, Serverless, Monitoring, and High Availability for beginners using spaced repetition. - Apr 7Code Snippet [Redis Caching Patterns: Cache-Aside, Write-Through & Cache Invalidation](/codesnippets/post/redis-caching-patterns-architecture) Master production-ready Redis caching patterns with practical examples. Learn cache-aside (lazy loading), write-through, consistency patterns, TTL strategies, and cache invalidation techniques to reduce database load and improve application performance. - Apr 6Blog [Service Mesh Deep Dive: Istio vs. Linkerd](/blog/post/service-mesh-istio-vs-linkerd) Trying to figure out service mesh? This article compares Istio and Linkerd on Kubernetes, looking at how they handle traffic, security, and more. Find out which one might be the best fit for you. - Apr 5Roadmap [JavaScript Beginner to Expert](/roadmaps/post/javascript-developer-roadmap) A comprehensive roadmap to master JavaScript from core language fundamentals to frontend, Node.js backend, and modern ecosystem tooling. - Apr 1Glossary [DevOps Basics](/glossary/post/devops-basics) Essential terms every DevOps and cloud engineer should know. ## March 2026 - Mar 31Flashcards [JavaScript Intermediate Flashcards](/flashcards/post/javascript-intermediate-flashcards) Intermediate and advanced JavaScript concepts for deeper mastery using spaced repetition. - Mar 30DevTip [Helm Charts: Templating & Multi-Environment Kubernetes Deployments](/devtips/post/helm-charts-kubernetes-multi-environment) Master Helm Charts for Kubernetes deployments. Learn templating, values overrides, conditional logic, chart dependencies, and GitOps workflows to manage complex microservices across dev, staging, and production environments. - Mar 29Code Snippet [PostgreSQL Query Optimization: Indexes, EXPLAIN ANALYZE & Execution Plans](/codesnippets/post/postgresql-query-optimization-indexes-explain) Master PostgreSQL query optimization with practical examples. Learn EXPLAIN ANALYZE interpretation, effective index strategies, query rewriting, and connection pooling to identify and fix slow queries in production microservices. - Mar 28Cheatsheet [Terraform Cheatsheet](/cheatsheets/terraform) Practical Terraform cheatsheet covering essential CLI commands, state management, import, workspaces, and key HCL patterns for variables, locals, outputs, dynamic blocks, and more. Perfect for daily IaC workflows. - Mar 25Blog [GitOps vs. Traditional IaC for Kubernetes: A Comparative Analysis](/blog/post/gitops-vs-traditional-iac-kubernetes-deployment) Explore GitOps vs. Traditional IaC for Kubernetes. This report compares pull-based GitOps (ArgoCD, Flux) with push-based IaC (Terraform), covering workflows, drift detection, security, and rollbacks. Understand how these approaches manage Kubernetes infrastructure and application configurations for enhanced consistency and reliability. - Mar 25Cheatsheet [AWS CLI](/cheatsheets/aws-cli) An expert reference for the AWS CLI covering configuration precedence, EC2 lifecycle control, recursive S3 operations, JMESPath querying, output formatting, and secure SSM sessions. - Mar 24Quiz [System Design & Architecture: Scalability & Resilience](/quizzes/post/system-design-architecture-quiz) Master system design: scalability, reliability, performance, trade-offs, distributed systems patterns, and architectural decisions for production systems. - Mar 23Quiz [Testing Strategies: Unit, Integration, E2E](/quizzes/post/testing-strategies-quiz) Master comprehensive testing: unit testing, integration testing, end-to-end testing, mocking, fixtures, coverage goals, and CI/CD integration. - Mar 22Quiz [TypeScript Advanced: Types, Generics, Utility Types](/quizzes/post/typescript-advanced-quiz) Master TypeScript: advanced types, generics, utility types, decorators, and type-safe patterns for scalable codebases. - Mar 21Quiz [Kubernetes Advanced: Production Operations & Scaling](/quizzes/post/kubernetes-advanced-quiz) Master Kubernetes at scale: stateful applications, networking, storage, security policies, autoscaling, and production troubleshooting. - Mar 21Blog [Serverless Observability: A Comprehensive Guide to AWS Lambda Monitoring](/blog/post/aws-lambda-observability-guide) Master AWS Lambda monitoring with this comprehensive guide to serverless observability. Learn how CloudWatch, X-Ray, and Datadog help you track performance, troubleshoot issues, and optimize costs for your serverless applications. Get practical tips and best practices for building resilient Lambda functions. - Mar 21DevTip [Structured Logging & Log Aggregation with ELK Stack](/devtips/post/structured-logging-elk-stack) Learn centralized logging for microservices using Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana. This guide covers structured logging best practices, log pipeline setup, Kibana dashboards, alerting strategies, and log retention policies for production observability. - Mar 20Quiz [WebAssembly (WASM): Performance & Interoperability](/quizzes/post/webassembly-wasm-quiz) Master WebAssembly: near-native performance in browser, non-browser use cases, toolchains (Rust, C++), and integration with JavaScript. - Mar 19Quiz [Multi-Cloud Strategy & Architecture](/quizzes/post/multicloud-strategy-quiz) Master multi-cloud deployments: AWS, Azure, GCP, vendor lock-in prevention, cost optimization, disaster recovery across clouds. - Mar 18Quiz [Azure Advanced: App Service, Functions, Container Instances](/quizzes/post/azure-advanced-quiz) Master Azure at scale: App Service, Azure Functions, Container Instances, Azure SQL, CI/CD pipelines, and enterprise cloud patterns. - Mar 17Quiz [Advanced Frontend Patterns: State Management & Performance](/quizzes/post/advanced-frontend-patterns-quiz) Master advanced frontend architecture: state management (Redux, Zustand), performance optimization, code splitting, lazy loading, and responsive design patterns. - Mar 16Quiz [AWS Advanced: EC2, RDS, Lambda, CloudFormation](/quizzes/post/aws-advanced-quiz) Master AWS at scale: EC2 instance types, RDS databases, Lambda functions, CloudFormation infrastructure as code, and AWS architecture patterns. - Mar 15Quiz [Flutter: Cross-Platform Mobile Development](/quizzes/post/flutter-mobile-quiz) Build native iOS/Android apps with Flutter: widgets, state management, navigation, performance, and publishing to app stores. - Mar 14Quiz [Production Backend: Scaling, Monitoring & Reliability](/quizzes/post/production-backend-scaling-quiz) Run production backend systems: scaling patterns, monitoring, error handling, logging, resilience, capacity planning, and incident response. - Mar 14Blog [Designing SLOs and Error Budgets: Your Blueprint for Sustainable Reliability](/blog/post/designing-slos-error-budgets-reliability-blueprint) Learn how to design effective SLOs and error budgets to balance innovation with reliability. This comprehensive guide covers SLIs, monitoring, business goals, and best practices for sustained service health. - Mar 13Quiz [Astro: Building Fast Web Experiences](/quizzes/post/astro-fundamentals-quiz) Build lightning-fast websites with Astro: island architecture, partial hydration, content collections, integrations, and zero JavaScript by default. Showing the 60 most recent. Browse the full archive in [the blog](/blog) and other [content sections](/#content).